| บทคัดย่อ (EN): |
In the present, oil palm production has been affected by climate change, prices of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, which affect oil palm yield and costs significantly. Thus using good varieties of oil palm and select the appropriate oil palm production technologies suitable to the area will get higher yields and lower production costs as well. The nutrient management and irrigation are very important to the oil palm production. Including suitable harvesting oil palm and the agricultural machinery to help farmers produce sustainable oil palm. And a great return on investment. Throughout the palm oil industry and related systems to compete with neighboring countries in the liberalization of trade in Asian countries.
Nutrient management and irrigation in oil palm plantations. Optimizing the production of oil palm by nutrient management. Nutrient management followed soil and leaf analysis of the oil palm hybrids SuratThani 1-6at Surat Thani Agricultural Research and Development Center and Surat Thani Oil Palm Research Center found that average yield of oil palm from 2.35-3.35 tonnes per rai per year. For nutrient management in the company found that productivity increased by 45.6 percent and farmers who follow the guidance to maintain a constant output, the yield 3.50 tonnes per rai per year according to the potential and limitations of the soil. Recent a tougher competition under ASEAN free trade agreement, Thai oil palm production cost is higher than other countries and forty percentage of the cost is chemical fertilizer expenditure On this account, reducing amount of excess chemical fertilizer use is more important . Proper fertilizer use should be applied in which soil nutrient supply together with nutrient requirement and recovery efficiency of fertilizer inputs. Oil palm fertilizer trials have been carried out over 3-years period of 2011-2014 at Tasae, Chumporn province to determine the effects of fertilizer rates on growth, yield, and soil fertility. In this study, the four fertilizer trials comprised: (T1) traditional application with annual rate of 1.28-0.58-1.8 kg N-P2O5-K2O palm-1 year-1, (T2) reduced rate based on soil nutrient supply together with nutrient requirement estimation as 1.14-0.44-1.65 kg of N-P2O5-K2O palm-1 year-1, (T3) reduced rate as 1140-290-1650kg of N-P2O5-K2O palm-1 year-1 with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and reduced rate as 1030-440-1650 kg of N-P2O5-K2O palm-1 year-1 with neem cake. Results from the reduced rate trial as 1.14-0.44-1.65 kg of N-P2O5-K2O palm-1 year-1 has slightly higher yield than the traditional rate application in yields of 235.90 and 221 kg palm-1 FFB in respectively while vegetative growth was little affected This chemical fertilizer application can be minimized fertilizer use as 12-16 percentage in approximately Therefore, the value cost ratio of reduced fertilizer rate application was highly than traditional rate as 3.26 and 2.58 comparatively. Moreover, soil and leaf analysis information revealed that current soil and plant nutritional status have been contained sufficient amounts of nutrients to meet the plants requirements related to growth and good production. The use of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer to optimize the production of palm oil, palm oil seedlings found. Growth is no difference between the use of chemical fertilizers and chemical fertilizers as recommended by 50 percent of the recommendations together with the fertilizer. New oil palm plantation Growth and yield no difference between the use of chemical fertilizer according to the instructions and the use of chemical fertilizers, 50 percent of the recommendations with the fertilizer, which the two ages, reduces the cost of chemical fertilizer by 50 percent palm oil age 7 years. the growth and yield did not differ statistically. The use of chemical fertilizer according to the instructions. The use of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer. And using organic fertilizer alone. So palm oil age use fertilizer with chemical fertilizer. This reduces the cost of production 50 percent in the use of Azolla cultivation of new oil palm plantations that use chemical fertilizers as recommended. (decrease 25 percent reduction in nitrogen) with Azolla. Nutrients in the proper range and growth did not significant statistically. Compared to the use of chemical fertilizer according to the instructions. Transfer nutrients to the trunk of oil palm technical to replace chemical fertilizers to the soil the nutrients found in the trunk can replace chemical fertilizers to the soil only grow. While the yield decreased compared to the yield Profile. Influence of irrigation and fertilizer of oil palm var.tThani 7 The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of irrigation and fertilizer on growth, yield and physiological responses of oil palm var. SuratThani 7. This study was carried out at UbonRatchathani Field Crop Research Center and SuratThani Oil Palm Research Center during October 2010 – September 2015. This study is divided 2 experiments. 1) Influence of irrigation and fertilizer to growth and yield of oil palm var. SuratThani 7. A split plot design with 3 replications was used. The main factor consisted of irrigation 3 levels; control (rain-fed), irrigated 0.8 and 1.2 times of evaporation, the subplots consisted of 3 fertilizer (21-0-0:0-3-0:0-0-60:Kieserite: Borate) rates; 75, 100 and 125% of DOA recommend rate. Result showed that irrigation was significantly effects on growth (total frond and leaf area), inflorescences (total, female and male inflorescences and sex ratio) and yield component (no. of bunch, average bunch weight and fresh fruit bunch) higher than rain-fed oil palm. Whiles, fertilizer was no significant effect on growth, inflorescences and yield of oil palm. And 2) Physiological responses of oil palm var. SuratThani 7 to different managements and locations (UbonRatchathani Field Crop Research Center and SuratThani Oil Palm Research Center). Two styles of management are 1) rainfed and 75 percent of the recommended fertilizer rate and 2) 1.2 times of the evaporation of water and fertilizer rate of 125 percent of the recommended rate. Result showed that the second management, oil palm has more dark green leaflet color, higher the amount of total chlorophyll, higher the potential photosynthetic rate but less the number of stomata and lower of the water use efficiency than the first management. At UbonRatchathani Field Crop Research Center, oil palm has better adaptation than SuratThani Oil Palm Research Center. The statistical techniques to be used as a benchmark for the plot of oil palm that plot size standard for the growth of at least 8 per conversion for the production of at least 12 trees per plot, and The objectives of the study were to develop databases of the soil, planting oil palm in all regions of Thailand and to gather the soil characteristics and properties as this information is important to study the relationship between soil-water-plants to improve the soil productivity, the use of fertilizers based on soil analysis in specific areas and a guide to managing soil in the planting of oil palm development. Morphological, physical and chemical properties were determined. This research conducted between 2011 and 2015.
In 2011, the study areas were in the southern Thailand consisting of 13 soil profiles in 7 provinces: Chumphon, Surat Thani, Ranong, Songkhla, Phuket, Phang Nga and Krabi. These included Tha Sae (2 profiles); Tha Sae, mottle variant; Tha Sae, high based variant; Kho Hong; Kho Hong, mottle variant; Phak Kat; Khao Khat; Krabi; Lang Suan; Lamphu La; Chumphon and Bang Saphan soil series. Most soil textures were loamy to loamy sand. These soils were highly-leached acid soils as water drains through them rapidly. The influence of parent material on pedogenesis is related to soil texture, soil depth which is limitations of a soil for plant growth. A major limiting factor in plant growth is the lack of available water in dry season therefore on-farm water management and irrigation system should be developed. In 2013, the study areas were in the northeastern Thailand consisting of 10 soil profiles in Loei, Bung Kan, Nong Khai. These included Phon Ngam, Loei, Lop buri, Lop buri variant, Warin, Khorat, Phen, Nam Phong, Nakhon Phanom and Phon Phisai series. Most soil textures were loamy to loamy sand. The fertility of the soil is relatively low which is a main limiting factor in plant growth especially Nam Phong series. For Loei, Lop buri, Lop buri variant and Loei series, they have clayey texture and moderate soil productivity. The management of water resources should be added to the soil by digging ditches, as soils ability to retain water. In 2014, the study areas were in the central and eastern Thailand consisting of 12 soil profiles. For central plain of Thailand, it consisted of 3 provinces (Pathumthani, Saraburi and Nakhonnayok) including Bang Nam Priao, Chachoengsao, Ongkharak and Rangsit series. These soils were acid sulfate soil with low fertility and high aluminum content in soil solution. As these limitations, it affected available plant nutrition. The good management practice for these soils was soil pH adjustment by lime application. For furrow planting, farmers should not mix topsoil and subsoil, keeping the topsoil on the surface and should not bring sulfidic sediment to the surface. For eastern part of Thailand, it consisted of 4 provinces (Trat, Chanthaburi, Chonburi and Chachoengsao) including Cha-am (3 profiles), Khlong Chak (2 profiles), slope complex (2 profiles) and Phak Kat series. For Cha-am series, the management is as similar as acid sulfate soil in central plain. For the others, fertilizer addition and irrigation are essential. In 2015, the study areas were in the central and eastern Thailand consisting of 12 soil profiles. For northern part of Thailand, it consisted of 3 provinces (Sukhothai, Phitsanulok and Uttaradit) including Kamphaeng Phet, Sapphaya, Li, Renu, Bang Mun Nak, Lampang, slope complex and Uttaradit series. Farmer starts growing oil palm around 1 to 2 years. The previous land use was paddy field. For western part of Thailand, it consisted of 3 provinces (Suphanburi, Phetchaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan) including Tha Muang, Bang Sapan, variant, Hup Krapong and Lat Ya series. A limiting factor in plant growth was water storage and fertility. The major advantage of soil morphology and physicochemical properties were for soil, fertilizer and water management, especially for specific area fertilizer technology. For water use efficiency, we need to consider soil physical properties such as soil texture, bulk density, water holding capacity and available water capacity. The study conditions and flooding on certain physiological changes of palm oil. By simulates flooding for 120 days for the oil palm hybrids Surat 2 age 8, 12, 18 and 24 months found that palm oil can tolerate standing water for 30 days by oil palm trees aged 24 months has led the stomata. The number of stomata in the leaf water potential growth. Fresh weight and dry weight of stem and root above. And the difference was statistically significant when compared to the age of 8, 12 and 18 months for the restoration of the integrity of the oil palm lack of care that put the bunch is 150 kg per year with chemical fertilizer rate of 50 percent. by analyzing the results of the assessment. Palm oil is one hybrid Surat age 10-12 years, the average yield 4.78 tonnes per hectare per year. Higher than chemical fertilizers, according to the analysis. And using empty fruit bunches per 300 kg per year, 13.2 and 20.6 percent respectively, thus reducing the cost of production of chemical fertilizer.
Oil palm protection research activity. Endophytic fungi from Elaeis guineensis, Thunbergia laurifolia, Acacia mangium, Tiliacora triandra and Bambusa sp. were isolated after triple surface sterilization. Trichoderma spp. were also isolated from soil surrounding root system of 50 host plants. It was found that endophytic fungi isolate KtB-4 from A. mangium and Trichoderma St-Te-5 1, Trichoderma St-Pr-1, Trichoderma St-Ct-2, Trichoderma St-Ta-3, Trichoderma St-Srb-3 from soil collected from root system of Tectona grandis, Hevea brasiliensis, Senna siamea, Tamarindus indica and Streblus asper, respectively showed high efficacy of being antagonists to G. boninense in laboratory. These antagonist fungi obviously presented the highly significant of efficacy to control basal stem rot disease. As the results, endophytic fungi isolate KtB-4 and Trichoderma St-Te-5 were proved to be the effective antagonistic fungi to G. boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot of oil palm. 56 isolates of VA-mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from 22 samples of roots and soil, collected from oil palm plantations in Krabi, Chon Buri, Chumphon and Surat Thani. VA-mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from 11 soil samples. VA-mycorrhizal fungi were observed under light microscope using characters of spore colors, spore walls and sizes of spores and 56 isolates of VA-mycorrhizal fungi were identified and classified into four genera namely, Acaulospora (11 isolates), Gigaspora (2 isolates), Glomus (32 isolates) and Scutellospora (11 isolate). The efficacy of being antagonists of VA-mycorrhizal fungi to control G. boninense was determined in seedling stage of oil palm. The preliminary results after treated G. boninense for four months showed that the differentiation among treatments could not be determined as the height and number of new shoots of oil palm seedlings were not highly significant of differences. The disease symptom of basal stem rot was only at the first stage. The extension of timeframe until May 2016 to monitor the disease occurrence is required in order to improve the results of this experiment. Tested effective herbicide, before weeds emergence, the herbicide atrazine to control weeds, after 45 long throws and no toxic chemicals, oil palm, alachlor, acetochlor, metolachlor, oxyfluorfen, sulfentrazone and pendimetalin affects the leaves grow back on growth disorders. Test herbicide after emergence of the palm oil is found in the garden paraquat dichloride, glufosinate ammonium, glyphosate and fluroxypyr effective weed control by paraquat dichloride, glufosinate ammonium, glyphosate weed control and ametryn narrow leaves. Broadleaf and I well haloxyfop-R-methyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Weed control has narrow leaves and 2,4-D to control broadleaf weeds as well.
Postharvest and agricultural machinery for processing palm oil research activity. The study of the relationship between oil palm bunch ripeness and environment to bunch component and palm oil quality. This study worked at Surat Thani Oil Palm Research Center between October 2010 – December 2013. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between oil palm bunch ripeness (18-23 WAA) to bunch component and palm oil quality. And the relationship between environment and bunch component and palm oil quality of oil palm bunch ripeness 3 levels (unripe, underripe and ripe). Result showed that: 1) The relationship between oil palm bunch ripeness (18-23 WAA) to bunch component and palm oil quality found that the bunch 23 WAA has maximum palm oil per bunch average 26.4 percent which higher than the bunch 18-22 WAA 98.5, 46.7, 25.1, 5.18 and 8.20 percent respectively, and the average palm oil per bunch is low between March-April and August (19.0 19.9 percent) due to palm oil per bunch of the 18-21 WAA bunch. Quality of crude palm oil : the quantity of free fatty acid values, DOBI, vitamin A, and oxidative stability showed a positive correlation with bunch ripeness. 2) The relationship between the environment and bunch component and palm oil quality of 3 levels of bunch ripeness found that the dry season do not affect to average oil per bunch of unripe, under-ripe and ripe bunch, Oil per bunch of ripe, under-ripe and unripe have 27.1, 25.6 and 24.2 percent respectively. Quality of crude palm oil found that free fatty acid have increased by ripeness of bunch, but DOBI, vitamin A and oxidative stability have similar values. As an alternative for farmers to reduce shipping costs. Add fruit prices And for a small oil mill to extract from palm fruit bunches. The prototype consists of 3 mm thick steel cylinder diameter 75 cm, height 120 cm interior diameter of 18 mm separate tank theres a fine not stick around long. The rotating cone is cut lip 3 hp electric motor driving a rotating 220-volt alternating the rotation. The results showed that 5 cm long teeth separation speed of 85 rpm, running from 1.0 to 1.3 tones per hour. Separation efficiency of 90 to 93.5 percent in Palm Research and Development burner gas production using palm oil as fuel supplies. Pacific Gas based applications and build a furnace down below, the amount of gas flow rates are not fixed. Palm shell charcoal cooked unevenly The key factors that affect gas and coal feed rate up to palm shell and retention period in the combustion chamber, which is controlled by pulling a coal/ash out below.
Test and expand innovative oil palm research activity. Tests of an oil palm variety, SuratThani 7 were carried out to evaluate its growth and yield in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon, SuratThani, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Krabi between 2013-2015. The soils and climate conditions of these areas are suitable for oil palm plantation. After 2 years of planting, it was found that growth of SuratThani 7 was greater than local varieties. The study of fertilizer recommended on leaf and soil analysis for oil palm production in the Upper South was conducted during October 2012 to September 2015. The experiment was compared farmer technology with DOA (Department of Agriculture) technology to find out appropriate technology for oil palm growers in Upper South areas. The farm of study area was on Phrasaeng, Surat Thani and Plai Phraya, Krabi. The results showed that fresh fruit bunch yield in the first and second years of both areas was not statistically significantly at the 95% level (Surat Thani : the first year was 2.89 tonnes/rai/year (farmer technology) and 2.90 tonnes/rai/year (DOA technology), the second year was 2.58 tonnes/rai/year (farmer technology) and 3.00 tonnes/rai/year (DOA technology) respectively, Krabi : the first year was 2.47 tonnes/rai/year (farmer technology) and 2.17 tonnes/rai/year (DOA technology), the second year was 2.60 tonnes/rai/year (farmer technology) and 2.85 tonnes/rai/year (DOA technology)). The benefit cost ratio of using fertilizer recommended on leaf and soil analysis was worth the investment (Surat thani : the first year was 4.56 (farmer technology) and 3.23 (DOA technology), the second year was 3.90 (farmer technology) and 2.59 (DOA technology). Krabi : the first year was 6.41 (farmer technology) and 4.25 (DOA technology), the second year was 6.28 (farmer technology) and 4.76 (DOA technology)). The knowledge of farmers was increased by 74-76% after “fertilizer recommended on leaf and soil analysis for oil palm production” training program. |
