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Study on germplasm of oil palm parents that were important steps were taken to develop outstanding genotypes in order to used in breeding program phase II. Oil palm seeds germplasm received from Costa Rica in the period between 1990 and 1993. Collection of germplasm such as AVROS, Tanzania, Yangambi, La Me, Ghana, Ekona, Calabar, La Me-AVROS, La Me-Calabar, DAMI-AVROS, Nigeria-Yangambi, Nigeria-AVROS, Yangambi-AVROS, Deli Dura, Kazemba (African Dura) and Deli-Ekona composite. These palms were selfed and intercrossed program that planted at STOPRC. Those palms were recorded yield and bunch composition during 1-10 years more than 4 years record. Then the oil palms that are good performances were selected for established many progeny crosses. Now the parents populations were 23-25 years old. In order to reserved these germplsm so that the selected palms were selfed and planted female parents 34 lines and male parents 40 lines. Now all of them are 3 years old then the next step recorded yield and component and bunch analysis.
This study on progeny test of oil palm: breeding program cycle II, conducted in order to determine the high yield and good performance crosses. There are 6 progeny trials for 69 DxT crosses (6 groups). The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications and 16 palms per plot. In each experiment were planted in B.E. 2546-2549. Vegetative growth and annual average yield (bunch weight) per palm and yield (FFB) per palm and rai were recorded more than 5 yaers at Suratthani Oil Palm Research Center and Suratthani Agricultural Research and Development Center.
The results from the experiment trial I (BRD 031) showed that crosses No. 198 was the better performance than the other crosses. The crosses No. 198 has average yield fresh fruit bunch (FFB) 4,458 Kg./rai/year, bunch number 14.68 bunch/palm/year and average bunch weight 15.04 Kg./palm (record data from 3 -12 years). Bunch study of cross No. 198 showed that mesocarp/fruit (M/F), shell/fruit (S/F), kernel/fruit (K/F) and oil/bunch (O/B) were 76.08, 11.34, 12.5 และ 22.3 % respectively and better than DOA standard. DOA released crosses No. 198 and named the hybrid variety Suratthani 7. The pedigree of Suratthani 7 hybrid is Deli x Tanzania .
The trial II (BRD 041) showed that crosses No. 224 was the better performance than the other crosses. The crosses No. 224 has average fresh fruit bunch (FFB) 4,020 Kg./rai/year, (record data from 3 -11 years) bunch number 14.5 bunch/palm/year and average bunch weight 14.6 Kg./palm. Bunch component of cross No. 224 showed oil/bunch (O/B) was 24.2 % and better than DOA standard.
The results from the experiment trial III (BRD 051) concluded that cross No. 303 (Deli x DAMI-AVROS) was the better performance than the other crosses. The cross No. 303 has average yield fresh fruit bunch (FFB) 165.5 Kg./palm/year or 3,773 Kg./rai/year, bunch number 13.5 bunch/palm/year and average bunch weight 12.8 Kg./palm (record data from 3 -10 years). Bunch study of cross No. 303 showed that mesocarp/fruit (M/F), 86.5%. This cross No. 303 has thin shell. Shell/fruit (S/F) is 6.6%. and better than DOA standard. Now cross No. 303 is the promising cross that DOA will releases and names the hybrid variety Suratthani 9.
The experiment trial IV (BRD 044) showed that cross No. 17 was the better performance than the other crosses. Yield data was collected from 3 -11 year has average yield fresh fruit bunch (FFB) 186.8 Kg./palm/year or 4,259 Kg./rai/year, bunch number 13.8 bunch/palm/year and average bunch weight 15.0 Kg./palm. DOA released crosses No. 17 and named the hybrid variety Suratthani 8. The pedigree of Suratthani 8 hybrid is Deli x Yangambi.
The study founded that three good performance varieties named Suratthani 7 – 9 that recommend to oil palm farmer to plant in the suitable area for oil palm. Seed production of Suratthani 7 – 9 followed by seed processing and maintained quality control by individual selected the good performance parents of Suratthani 7 – 9 and use seed technology property. To carry out the production of hybrid and extended to further exploitation..
Oil palm breeding program followed by Reciprocal Recurrent selection and adopted by most of the breeding organization in several countries. The procedure has three steps. At first step : Parent selection From Dura and Tenera/Pisifera population in order to mate between the best female and male parent and study progenies test crosses. The second :The Dura and Tenera individuals which were parents of progenies to carry out selfing of the parents involved in the test crosses. On the basis of test crosses performance, individuals are selected and mated to generated the population for the next breeding cycle after that the selfings are selected for seed production.
This experiment study on Dura Self and Tenera Self and selection the best Parents for Seed Production on oil palm breeding program cycle II. The experiments were started in Suratthani Oil Palm Research Center in B. E. 2546– 2558 in order to evaluate and select the parent of the best hybrid such as Suratthani 7-9. The 3 varieties of DOA oil palm hybrids that released during B. E. 2553– 2558. Data collection followed by oil palm breeding method.
Part I Study on 15 Dura self and selected the 5 Duras that were line No. 236, 242, 220, 218 and 203 because of they were female parent of Suratthani 7, 8 hybrid and the promising crosses (Cross No. 224 and 303) which were elite palms that released from breeding the second phase. In each parent lines are individual selected the best Dura palm for seed production. Individual palm of line No. 236, 242, 220, 218 and 203 had 13.89, 9.22, 10.78, 9.68 and 8.60 bunch/palm/year respectively. They were 197.2, 152.8, 164.0, 154.6 and 153.1 kg/palm/year. Average bunch weight of them were 14.20, 16.57, 15.21, 15.97 and 17.80 kg/bunch respectively.
Part II : Study on and selected the 4 Tenera that were line No. 159/398, 132/1415 125/154 and 129/1426 because they were fathers or male parent of Suratthani 7, 8 hybrid and cross No 303 the promising crosses which was an elite palm for the second phase and Suratthani 2. In each parent lines of 16 Tenera self are selected the best pisifera palm for seed production.
The objective of parent selection oil palm by intercrossing needs genetic variability as a prerequisite for improvement in the 3rd oil palm breeding program of Department of Agriculture (DOA). This study was carried out at SuratThani Oil Palm Research Centre during October 2002 – September 2015. A randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used.
Father palms selection from tenera population by single palm from yield and yield component was 140/102T x 122/1446T (GHA608:504T x C9023:73T, Nigeria-Yangambi x IRH629:316T x HC129:1009P, Calabar–SP540 Derivate). No. 908 was selected by on average, bunch number 15 bunches palm-1year-1, fresh fruit bunch yield 162.5 kilograms palm-1year-1 (3.70 tonnes rai-1year-1), high oil content 30.5 percent oil bunch-1 which produces oil yield 1.13 tonnes rai-1. Vegetative and bunch characteristics: pigments in the exocarp was virescens, fruit forms and bunch shape was drupe, thin shell and optimum height which suitable for the best father palm.
Mother palms were selected from 3 dura families by consider from yield, yield component and vegetative growth. The result showed that 3 dura families were 1) KB/68D x 75/1319D (Kazemba, Dura x C42:67DxDAM564:693D, Deli Dura) 2) 75/1319D x 78/193D (C42:67DxDAM564:693D, Deli Dura x C2120:184DxDAM564:693D, Deli DuraxDeli Dura) and 3) 68/374D x 73/49D (DAM564:693D SELF, Deli Dura x C34:156DxDAM563:391D, Deli DuraxDeli Dura). On average, increased frond (at 10 year) 24, 26 and 19 frond palm-1 respectively, leaf area 13.5, 10.2 and 9.0 m2 frond-1 respectively, height 3.87, 3.40 and 2.97 meters respectively, FFB yield 231.8, 248.4 and 227.2 kilograms palm-1year-1 respectively, bunch number 11.9, 16.1 and 16.6 bunch palm-1year-1 respectively and oil yield from mesocarp 1.27, 1.18 and 1.14 tonnes rai-1year-1 respectively.
Breeding oil palm across species with backcross program between African oil palm and American oil palm, generation 2 that selected outstanding Deli Dura crossing the outstanding palm tree from population. [G1x(OxG)] so that produced 34 crosses. The objective to study oil palm shorter trunk which increase height increment slowly and good quality that conducted at Suratthani oil palm research center and Suratthani agricultural and development center during the year B.E.2550-2558. The result concluded that look good crosses that average yield higher than 3 tons/ha/year (average age 6-8 years), such as cross 67/521Dx148/275P, 68/374D x 151/322P, 67 /521Dx151/322P and 67/521D x 145/198P palm oil ranged from 24.6 to 26.7%. The cross 67/521Dx151/322P yield and oil content up to 3.10 and 0.79 tonnes/rai/year, respectively.
Field test of oil palm for the progressive adaptation in regions with different climatic conditions found that oil palm varieties grown in Nong Khai province have better yield than Krabi and Chiang Rai provinces. However the result founded that cross no. 198, hybrid Surat Thani 1 and cross no. 207 is well adapted to all areas of study, but because palm oil is a plant long lifespan. Therefore, it is required to keep a record of growth and yield more. So the study will continue to the second phase.
Investigation of cold and drought tolerance of parental palm (mother D75, D78 and D84) (father 109/307T Self, 106/238T Self, 159/398T x 159/379P and 139/180T x 139/212P) for producing tenera oil palm hybrids had been established at the Agricultural Research and Development Center in Nong Khai, and Ubon Ratchathani Field Crops Research Center during the year 2009-2015. The results showed that the mother line D78 could adapt in cold and drought area and displayed 6.11, 7.01 and 43.31 kg/palm of bunch number, bunch weight, and fresh fruit bunch, respectively. Among the father population, line 109/307T self presented the earliest flowers 36.66 %. Line 109/307T Self, 106/238 T Self, and 159/398T x 159/379P displayed a crown disease whereas did not find this disease in line 139/180T x 139/212P.
Young embryos of oil palm interspecific hybrid (Elaeis guineensis X E. oleifera) were cultured on medium Murashige and Skoog (MS) and supplemented with dicamba and picloram at concentrations of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/l for callus induction. Young embryos were cultured on MS medium supplemented with picloram concentrations of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/l showed the highest weight callus at 0.46, 0.44 and 0.42 g, respectively. Those calli cultured on MS medium supplemented with dicamba 1.0 mg/l and 2,4-D 0.1 mg/l presented the highest embryogenic callus at 35% and 26%, respectively. The development of somatic embryos cultured on MS medium supplemented with dicamba 1.0 mg/l was 15.78% and supplemented with 2,4-D 0.1 mg/l was 11.76%. The development forms consisted of globular-shaped stage, heart-shaped stage and haustorium stage. The somatic embryo developed about 1-2 apical shoots without root development on MS medium supplemented with NAA concentration of 5.0 mg/l.
Induction of callus from different parts of oil palm pisifera. It can induce callus on medium Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with various concentrations of dicamba . Young Embryos showed the highest callus percentage at 62.4 - 69.6% on MS medium supplemented with 5 -10 ?M dicamba and young inflorescences showed the highest callus percentage at 16.0 – 18.4 % on MS medium supplemented with 10 – 15 ?M dicamba. Callus proliferation ability of young embryo were 6.9x - 7.0x on MS medium supplemented with 2 - 4 ?M of dicamba and callus proliferation ability of young inflorescences were 3.8x on MS medium supplemented with 2 ?M of dicamba. The percentage of embryogenic callus induction from the original callus were 30.2 % from young embryo and 10.5 % from young inflorescences on Y3 media supplemented with NAA 10 ?M and abscisic acid 2 ?M on the same medium. The development of somatic embryos cultured on MS medium without plant regulators growth and plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with paclobutrazol 20-40 ?M for root induction.
In the study of medium to reducing time to induction and development callus of oil palm, the embryo were cultured on MS containing each kinds of Auxin : 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/L 2,4-D or dicamba or picloram. The result showed that no difference in fresh weight of oil palm cv. Suratthani 1 callus between the treatment of 2.5 mg/L dicamba (0.071 g.) and 1.5 mg/L picloram (0.070 g.). In cv. Suratthani 2, the treatment of 1.5 mg/L dicamba, 2 mg/L dicamba and 2.5 mg/L picloram provided fresh weight as the following : 0.059, 0.059 and 0.057 g. respectively. In cv. Suratthani 3, the fresh weight of callus was 0.024 g. in the treatment of 1 mg/L picloram. In the study of development of the callus, the callus fresh weight of all cultivar were 0.024 g in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D. For the study of induction of shoot and root, the result showed that the best treatment was MS medium supplemented with 15 ?M NAA and 0.5 g/L activated charcoal. In transplanting of oil palm from in vitro condition to nursery condition, the experiments were conducted by reducing exposure time to be 6, 8 and 10 hours per day. It was found that survival rates of plantlets were 11.11, 16.67 and 18.18 respectively.
The genetic diversity studies and shell type analysis of oil palm are achieved by molecular marker. Thirteen SSR markers loci were selected to be able to distinct 10 oil palm populations, Deli Dura, AVROS, Yangambi, Nigeria, Calabar, Ghana, Ekona, DAMI, Tanzania and La Me. The results showed that male parent oil palm, La Me have the most genetically differentiation from other male and female parent populations, followed by Calabar, Nigeria, Tanzania and Ghana. Among male parent oil palms, AVROS has the most genetic similarity to female parent, Deli Dura followed by DAMI. In addition, the new SSR markers were reselected for investigating the genetic of Deli Dura populations as well as the progenies derived from inter- specific hybridization between Elaeis guineensis and E.oleifera. The obtained data are efficient to differentiate all oil palm populations. Moreover, the primers mEgCIR 3428, mEgCIR 3519 and mEgCIR 0874, were sufficient to be used as markers in identifying Surat Thani 1-8 oil palm varieties. For analysis of oil palm shell type, the MADS-box gene of 129 samples included 3 shell types, Dura, Pisifera and Tenera from 10 distinct oil palm populations were sequenced and performed multiple nucleotides alignment. The SNPs that can differentiate the oil palm shell type in each populations were discovered as follow, SNPENGC (T/C) in Ekona Ghana Calabar and Nigeria, SNPTaYa (A/T) in Tanzania Yangambi, SNPDA (C/G) in DAMI T, SNPLaAv (C/A) in La Me and AVROS, SNPTan (C/G) in Tanzania. The obtained data of SNPs loci were used to generate 4 sets of primers and probes for determining oil palm shell type accurately and rapidly with real-time PCR as well as primer for general PCR. These markers are very applicable for quality control of Tenera oil palm seedling production for reducing or eliminating Dura contamination, and distinguishing the female and male parent genotype efficiently. |
