สืบค้นงานวิจัย
Mechanised Land Preparation for Rubber: Risks and Benefits
Phebe Joseph - ไม่ระบุหน่วยงาน
ชื่อเรื่อง (EN): Mechanised Land Preparation for Rubber: Risks and Benefits
ผู้แต่ง / หัวหน้าโครงการ (EN): Phebe Joseph
บทคัดย่อ (EN): Cultivation of rubber is a long term investment, which requires good agro management and soil conservation practices for sustainable production. In Kerala, severe labour shortage is affecting the timely completion of agricultural operations in the rubber plantations. The increasing labour wages also prompt the growers to look for alternative methods like labour substituting with machinery. The high intensity of rain fall and undulating topography of rubber growing areas increase the vulnerability of soil erosion. Traditionally no tillage was practiced in rubber plantations and it helped to conserve soil and maintain soil quality. However, now there is a large scale shift to mechanized land preparation and mechanization is adopted to varying levels depending on terrain, availability of machineries, intercropping practices etc. Though mechanization reduce cost of cultivation considerably and labour dependence, indiscriminate use of heavy duty machines can increase tillage induced soil erosion which is considered to be a factor contributing to the degradation of soil (Lewis and Nyamulinda, 1996). Concerns of soil degradation and sustainable agriculture are often related to the loss of top soil and soil organic carbon (D’Haene et al., 2009). With this back ground, an experiment was initiated to assess the effect of mechanized land preparation on soil erosion and physical properties of rubber growing soils. A field experiment was initiated at Mundakayam estate, Mundakayam, Kottayam district, Kerala during the year 2010. The trial was laid out in a randomised block design with 4 replications. The four land preparation methods evaluated were (a) pitting, terracing and tilling inter rows by Hitachi (b) pitting and terracing by Hitachi (c) pitting by tractor mounded hole digger and manual terracing and (d) Standard practice - manual pitting and terracing. Soil samples were collected from individual plots at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60cm depths and determined physical properties of soil such as bulk density, porosity, aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity and gravel content, before and after the treatment imposition. The quantity of soil eroded was estimated by trench method and soil organic carbon as a critical indicator of soil quality was estimated using CN analyser. The results of the study indicated that the rate of soil erosion in different land preparation methods was significantly different. One and a half years after treatment imposition the highest rate of erosion (11.6 t/ha) was recorded from the plot where pitting, terracing and tilling inter rows were done by Hitachi. Soil erosion from manually pitted and terraced plots showed significantly lower rate of erosion and was comparable with other two treatments (pitting and terracing by Hitachi and pitting by tractor mounded hole digger and manual terracing). Bulk density of the soil was significantly lower in plots where pitting, terracing and tilling operations were done by Hitachi at all the depths. Bulk density was lower in the surface layer and higher in the lower layers in all treatments. Higher retention of organic matter in the surface layer might have contributed to the lower bulk density. Porosity showed reverse trend, it decreased with soil depth. Comparison between treatments showed that porosity increased by around 10 percent in tilled plots (pitting, terracing and tilling by Hitachi) compared to zero tilled plots at all soil depths. Tilling depth of soil by Hitachi is around 60-75cm and during the tillage operations loosening of soil take place, leading to higher porosity. Consequently hydraulic conductivity was also higher in tilled plots than in zero tilled soils. Soil aggregate stability was not significantly affected by land preparation methods. Observations on gravel content of the soil indicated that the treatments with pitting, terracing and tilling by Hitachi showed significantly lower percent of gravel content in the upper 0-15 cm of soil and higher percent in the 45-60 cm, than other treatments which is due to the inversion of soil. In zero tilled area, soil organic carbon percent was significantly higher in the surface layers and decreased with depths. In the tilled soil, the soil organic carbon content was comparatively lower in the top layers due to the inversion of soil and burial of crop residues to the lower depths and loss of carbon through erosion. Comparative cost analysis of different land preparation methods indicated that pitting and terracing by Hitachi involved the cheapest followed by pitting by hole digger. A cost saving of around 45-50 per cent was achieved through pitting and terracing by Hitachi compared to standard method (manual) of land preparation. The study indicated that substantial quantity of soil is lost through erosion when pitting, terracing and tilling is done by Hitachi. Pitting and terracing by Hitachi was the most economic and sustainable method and is the most appropriate method of land preparation in rubber plantations, if care is taken to prevent erosion.
บทคัดย่อ: ไม่พบข้อมูลจากหน่วยงานต้นทาง
ภาษา (EN): en
เผยแพร่โดย (EN): การยางแห่งประเทศไทย
คำสำคัญ (EN): soil erosion
เจ้าของลิขสิทธิ์ (EN): การยางแห่งประเทศไทย
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Phebe Joseph. "Mechanised Land Preparation for Rubber: Risks and Benefits". ไม่ระบุหน่วยงาน. ม.ป.ป.

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Mechanised Land Preparation for Rubber: Risks and Benefits
Phebe Joseph
การยางแห่งประเทศไทย
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