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Durian Variety Improvement Project consisting of seven experiments which were conducted by Horticultural Research Institute cooperating with Chanthaburi Horticultural Research Center, Trang Horticultural Research Center, Chumphon Horticultural Research Center, Yala Horticultural Research Center, Surat Thani Rubber Research Center, Office of Agricultural and Development Region 6, Economic Horticultural Crops Development Project Under Royal Initiatives and Farmer’s Durian orchards during October 2006 – September 2010. Results of the project are describe in details as of follows.
1.Selection and Evaluation of 1st and 2nd Generation of F1 Hybrids and Study on Inheritance Characteristics
A number of durian hybrids were evaluated and selected for good eating quality and these hybrids were then classified into early, moderate and late maturity characteristics. Four durian hybrids that are promising to be proposed as best varieties for early maturity characteristic are 10-432-6, 12-21-1, IIICN 6-4 and IIICN 5-4-3-6. Five of durian hybrids, namely hybrid no. 11-341-1 , 11-241-9, 5-451-1, 6-152-5, and 6-211-1 are considered as best quality for moderate maturity durian. Promising late maturity durian hybrids is hybrid no. 5-441-13. Durian hybrids with high flesh character that is good for fruit processing is hybrid no. 5-451-5
From this study, it can be concluded that durian varieties which are considered the best to be proposed as the recommended durian variety to help providing more alternative ways of durian cultivation and production for fruit growers of Thailand in the future are durian hybrids no. 12-21-1and 10-432-6 for early maturity; 11-341-1 and 11-241-9 for moderate maturity; 5-441-13 for late maturity; and 5-451-5 for fruit processing
2.Selection and Evaluation of F2 Interspecific and Cross Pollination Hybrids of Durians and Study on Inheritance Characteristics
Data on growth of F2 hybrids of durian indicated that hybrid no. 6-416-5-1-3 produced largest girth at 89 cm, whereas hybrid 7-242-8-7-1 produced lowest girth at 11 cm.
Hybrid ICN 23-1-5-1-4 generated highest average canopy width at 7.25 cm, followed by MTxKT 60 and IIICN 61-4-7-1-1 with average canopy width at 6.7 and 6.4 m, respectively.
Hybrid no. 10-251-8-2-7 is the highest tree with canopy height at 10.3 m, followed by 10-251-8-2-7, 6-412-5-1-2, 5-441-13-16-1 and 5-441-13-16-4 with canopy height at 9.8, 9.3, 9.2 and 9.2 m, respectively. In 2009, F2 hybrids of durian flowered on 24 trees and yielded fruit on 3 trees, namely, 5-441-13-16-2, 5-441-13-13-9 and 61-4-7-1-1.
Growth data of interspecific and cross pollination hybrids of durian in 2553 showed that hybrid KTxD.g.ช4 (1-12) had largest girth at 100 cm followed by KTxD.g.ช3(2-7) and KTxD.g.ช2(1-2) with girth at 87 and 87 cm, respectively, whereas, hybrid KTxS.P ช2 (11-1) had smallest tree girth at 38 cm with average of F2 canopy at 69.6 cm.. Hybrids KTxD.g.ช3(2-7) produced highest canopy width at 8.2 m and KTxD.g.ช3(2-5) produced lowest canopy width at 1.2 m with average of F2 canopy at 5.24 m. For tree height, KTxS.p.g.ช2(3-2) gave highest height at 10.4 m where CNXD.g ช 4 produced lowest keight at 3 m with average of F2 height at 8.93 m.
Interspecific hybrids of durian flowered 21 and 31trees in 2552 and 2553, respectively. The 21 interspecific hybrids are KTxSp ช3 (2-5), KTxDg ช1 (1-5), KTxDg ช1 (1-7), KTxSp ช2 (2-4), KTxSp ช2 (1-1), KTxDg ช1 (1-11), KTxSp ช2 (1-4), KTxSp ช2 (1-5), KTxSp ช1 (2-8), KTxSp ช2 (2-2), KTxDg ช2 (1-2), KTxSp ช5 (1-9), KTxSp ช1 (2-13), KTxSp ช5 (1-10), KTxDg ช3 (2-3), KTxSp ช5 (1-13), KTxDg ช3 (2-7), KTxSp ช2 (3-7), KTxSp ช5 (1-2), KTxSp ช2 (3-8), KTxSp ช5 (1-10). The 31 interspecific hybrids are KT x Sp ช3(2-5) KT x Sp ช1(2-5) KT x Dg ช1(1-5) KT x Sp ช3(2-6) KT x Sp ช2(2-4) KT x Sp ช2(1-1) KT x Dg ช1(1-11) KT x Sp ช2(1-4) KT x Sp ช2(1-5) KT x Sp ช(2-8) KT x Dg ช4(1-10) CN x Sp ช2(2-7) KT x Dg ช2(1-2) KT x Sp ช1(2-13) KT x Sp ช5(1-9) KT x Dg ช2(1-7) KT x Sp ช2(2-5) KT x Sp ช5(1-10) MT x Sp ช2(1-4) KT x Sp ช1(1-1) KT x Sp ช2(3-1) KT x Dg ช5(2-7) KT x Sp ช5(1-13) KT x Sp ช2(3-6) KT x Dg ช3 (2-7) KT x Sp ช2(3-7) KT x Sp ช2(3-8) KT x Sp ช1(1-6) KT x Sp ช5(1-10) KT x Dg ช3(3-2) KT x Sp ช5(1-5) KT x Sp ช5(1-6)
3. Regional Yield Trial for Promising Hybrids of Durian for Production and Export
3.1 Chanthaburi Horticultural Research Center
Hybrid no.6-413-7 had largest tree girth at 42.99 cm while Kan Yao had smallest girth at 4.78 cm Hybrid IIICN x M 10-7 produced highest height at 4.78 m whereas hybrid 11-241-9 had lowest height at 3.28 m Hybrid no. 6-413-7 had largest canopy width at 3.23 m and hybrid no. 11-241-9 had smallest canopy width at 1.98 m. Three hybrids of durian flowered and yielded fruit as shown in Table 4. In 2009, It was observed that Kan Yao, Mon Thong and hybrid ICNxM 5-1-1 started to produce first flowering.
3.2 Trang Horticultural Research Center
Hybrid IIICN 6-1-4-7 had largest girth at 41.33 cm while Kradum Thong had smallest girth at 23.25 cm (total average was 31.74 cm). Hybrid no. 6-413-7 produced highest height at 4.02 m whereas hybrid no.11-241-9 had lowest height at 2.16 m (total average was 3.02 m). Hybrid no. 11-341-1 had largest canopy width at 2.56 m. and hybrid IIICN 6-3-1-5 had smallest canopy width at 1.18 m (total average was 1.94 m).
3.3 Chumpon Horticultural Research Center
Hybrid IIICN 6-413-7 had largest girth at 30.58 cm while hybrid no. 6-422-4 had smallest girth at 14.77 cm (total average was 23.59 cm). Hybrid no. 6-413-7 produced highest height at 4.66 m whereas hybrid no. 11-241-9 had lowest height at 1.65 m (total average was 3.05 m). Hybrid no. 6-413-7 had largest canopy width at 2.48 m. and hybrid no. 4-422-4 had smallest canopy width at 1.08 m (total average was 1.90 m).
3.4 Yala Horticultural Research Center
Hybrid IIICN 6-413-7 had largest girth at 3.10 cm while hybrid ICN 7-5-2-2 had smallest girth at 1.97 cm (total average was 2.70 cm). Hybrid IIICN 5-4-3-6 produced highest height at 1.04 m whereas hybrid no. 11-241-9 had lowest height at 0.65 m (total average was 0.85 m). Hybrid IIICN 5-4-3-6 had largest canopy width at 0.57 m. and hybrid ICN 7-5-2-2 had smallest canopy width at 0.3 m (total average was 0.41 m). Hybrid no. 10-432-6 produced highest leaf flushing at 75.71 % while hybrid ICN 7-5-2-2 had smallest leaf flushing at 41.43 % (total average was 59.17%)
4. Fertilizer Response of Selected Hybrids of Durian
4.1. Growth of Selected Hybrids of Durian
Effect of three years of consecutive fertilizer application on girth of durian was recorded in the following details.
Fertilizer application at 1.5 times of recommended fertilizer rate produced maximum increased girth of durian which was 3.1 to13.4 percent higher than that of other fertilizer treatments, followed by fertilizers at 2 and 0.5 times of recommended fertilizer rate. In this experiment, application of fertilizer at the recommended rate produced lowest increased girth of durian giving girth that was 13.4 percent less than that produced by fertilizer application at 1.5 times of recommended fertilizer rate.
Mon Thong variety tended to response to fertilizer application more than any other durian varieties producing increased girth at 4.8 to 11.8 percent higher than that of other durian varieties, followed by Chanthaburi 1, Chanthaburi 2 and Chanthaburi 3 varieties. Chani variety produced lowest response to fertilizer application.
4.2. Nutrient Content of Soils and Durian Leaf
Leaf nutrient analysis for nitrogen, Phosphorus, potassium, Calcium and Magnesium to monitor durian response to fertilizer indicating that nitrogen was the most affecting on growth of durian , followed by potassium and other nutrients.
In this study, Chanthaburi 1, Chanthaburi 2 and Chanthaburi 3 varieties contained leaf magnesium higher than that of Chani and Mon Thong which is believed that these new varieties should also have greater capacity of photosynthesis.
5. Effect of Phytophthora Disease on Selected Hybrids of Durian
Effect of phytophthora disease on selected hybrids of durian was investigated on the stem of durain which revealed that hybrids Kan Yao was the most tolerant to Phytophthora palmivora, followed by hybrids IIICN5-4-3-6, IIICN6-3-1-5, 11-341-1, ICN7-5-2-2, Chani, IIICN 5-4-3-18, 6-422-4, 9-69-5, ICNxM5-1-1, ICN6-2-1-1-3, 7-121-2 , 6-413-7, ICNxM 10-7, 5-222-12, 6-152-5, 10-251-8-2, 11-241-9, 10-251-8-1, IIICN6-4 and Kradum Whereas, investigation on durian leaf showed that IIICN5-4-3-6 was the most tolerant variety followed by IIICN 5-4-3-18, ICNxM 10-7, IIICN6-3-1-5, Kradum, 6-413-7, Kan Yao, 10-251-8-1, Chani, 5-222-12, 11-341-1, ICNxM5-1-1, 11-241-9, 6-152-5 and 7-121-2
6. Commercial Comparison for Yield and Marketable Acceptance of New Hybrids of Durian
Professional farmers in commercial durian growing areas in five districts, namely, Tha Mai, Pong Namron, Khlung, Laem Sing and Khao Kitchagut were selected to conduct six experimental plots comparing Chanthaburi 1, Chanthaburi 2 and Chanthaburi 3 with Mon Thong varieties.
In Tha Mai and Khlung districts, Nual Thongchan, a new variety released by farmer, was added in compare with Mon Thong.
7. Substitute of Original Cultivar with New Hybrids of Durian
Seedlings of Chanthaburi 1, Chanthaburi 2 and Chanthaburi 3 were prepared by grafting these varieties on original cultivar stock to be used for comparing an efficiency of Substitute of Original Cultivar with New Hybrids of Durian between budding and side grafting technique . |
