| บทคัดย่อ (EN): |
Krachai-Dam, Black Galingale Kaempferia parviflora Wall ex Baker belonging to the family of Zingiberaceae is mostly grown in the provinces of Loei and Phetchaboon. However, due to the decline in the yield and poor and irregular color quality of the rhizomes flesh, affected the farmers income resulting to shortage of capital during the growing season between 2004-2005. There is a need therefore to conduct the research to solve the problem. The objective is to conduct research and develop the technology on the production process, cultural practices and plant protection. The research study was conducted during 2006-2010 for a period of 5 years, in the Department of Agriculture both in the central and regional units, and universities. Experiments were conducted using two varieties of Krachai-Dam, Black Galingale i.e. red color-leaf or “Phuruea -10” (Rom - Klao) and green color leaf “Phuruea 12” (Kheg - Noi 2). The first experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the height elevation of the planting area at different levels, such as 500, 700, 950, 1300, 1400 and 1500 meter above mean sea level. The second was the effect of shading with black net with 50 and 70 percent light penetration, and planted in open area. The third was different planting distance between plants and between rows at 12 treatments namely, 15 x 20,
15 x 30, 15 x 40, 15 x 50, 20 x 20, 20 x 30, 20 x 40, 20 x 50, 25 x 20, 25 x 30, 25 x 40, and 25 x 50 centimeters. The ofher experiments were The effect of fertilizer studied with treatments as follows : N-P-K application at rates
0-0-0, 3-1-1, 2-1-3, 3-1-3, 3-2-3, and 3-2-5. The experiment on the influence of the number of growing cycle which is the number of three growing season. The experiment of maturity of the rhizomes suitable for the processing of the Black Galingale products. The effect of natural compounds for the control of rhizomes rot, by using field-level methodology, and dipping of the planting materials into hot water, and dipping in Chitosan solution. Weed control is done by using different mulches and the last experiment was pest surveillance at the growing area and in the experiment sites.
Result of the study showed that at elevation level of 700 meters above mean sea level, at latitude of 16๐ 30/ North, the red color-leaf variety had a yield in two-years average at 600.40 kilogram per rai, whereas the green color – leaf yielded 1,120.40 kilogram per rai. At elevation of 1,400 and 1,500 meters gave a yield however statistically not significantly different, at 312 kilogram per rai and 640 kilogram per rai for red color leaf and green color – leaf variety respectively. The amount of total phenolic compound (TP) revealed that at elevation ranging between 500 - 950 meters, both the red color-leaf and green color – leaf variety gave a total amount ranging from 0.024-0.039 percent by weight respectively, with Anti Oxidant Index (AOI) ranging between 6.36-6.77. At 1,500 meters elevation shows that red color – leaf and green color-leaf variety gave a total TP at 0.088 and 0.069 percent by weight respectively. The AOI for the red color-leaf and green color-leaf varieties had a value of 6.4 and 6.5 respectively. Therefore, the variety has an influence on the yield and the amount of TP compounds both determined by the planting area in different elevations. However, the AOI is statistically not significantly different. The measurement on the color of the L*a*b*’s system which is the decision criteria for assessing the quality of the rhizomes showed that at an elevation of 950 meters, the value for the flesh color L* is lowest at 38.07, whereas at the elevation of 500 meters, the value of L* is 40.75. The low value of L* means the color shade value or hue value is higher than at high L*. Therefore, planting at high elevation area gave a higher color intensity of the flesh in the rhizomes more than those planted at lower level. The experiment on shading revealed that, shading using black net with light penetration of 70 percent gave the highest amount of compounds and best color quality which is significantly different with Black Galingale planted in the open area, at a yield of 521 kgilogram per rai and 380.08 kilogram per rai for green color leaf variety and red color-leaf variety respectively. Whereas, the plants planted in the open area, the green color – leaf variety and the red color – leaf variety gave a yield of 296.25 and 237.40 kilogram per rai respectively, or a yield reduction of 43.14 and 37.5 percent respectively. With regards to the compound TP and the AOI the red color-leaf have the highest average value of 0.17 percent by weight and 17.75 respectively. Whereas the green color – leaf has a lower value by the average of 0.11 by weight and 6.27 respectively. Both the two varieties gave a value of TP and AOI significantly higher if planted in open area, whereas the color quality of the rhizomes flesh in the system of L*a*b* revealed that the red color – leaf variety have a color in the rhizomes at a value of L* and b* at the lowest value but with the value of a* at the highest. This shows that the flesh color in the rhizomes is darker which meets the market requirement which is L* 39.54 b*-1.80 a* 9.51 and significantly different with plants planted in the open area with L* 48.93 b*0.77 a*7.64, wherein the green color-leaf has the value of L*44.81 b*0.95 a*7.69. Moreover, it was found that the amount of the sesquiterpenoids compound which is the compound that is an active ingredient for building stamina has the potential to be increased. Under open area condition, the amount of compound was 1.59, and under 70 percent shading condition, the amount is 2.87. Therefore, planting at 70 percent shade condition, both the two varieties of Black Galingale gave a total yield TP, AOI and amount of sesquiterpenoids, as well as the higher intensity of the color, meeting the market requirements. The experiment on the planting distance showed that the planting distance 20 x 30 centimeters, the green color –leaf and red color –leaf varieties gave the highest yield at 569.95 and 295.49 kilogram per rai respectively. In every planting distance red color – leaf and green color – leaf varieties had a TP ranging between 0.06-0.12 and 0.06-0.11 percent by weight. The value of AOI was between the range 5.04-7.86 and 3.39-6.93 respectively. The experiment to determine the influence of fertilizer application showed that Black Galingale applied with NPK fertilizer at a rate of 3-1-1 gave the highest yield at 300 kg/rai, whereas for the measurement of color quality of the flesh in rhizomes using the L* a* b* system, showed that the Krachai-Dam applied with NPK fertilizer at the rate 3-1-3 have the highest color intensity of the rhizomes. The experiment on the growing period of Black Galingale showed that Krachai-Dam grown in two growing cycles would result to the quality of the rhizomes in terms of the total amount of active ingredient compounds phenolic and AOI is at the highest value. Moreover, the color intensity meeting the requirements of the consumers. The study on the maturity suitable for the processing of two products such as the Black Galingale tea with honey lemon, and instant Black Galingale tea with fruit flavors, revealed that the growing period of 8-9 months after planting, gave the highest yield quality. The experiment on the use of natural compounds for the control of head rot of the Black Galingale three weeks prior to planting should have land preparation by ploughing, basal fertilizer application with urea and Dolomite at 80 and 800 kg/rai respectively. Top dressing of chicken manure at 2 tons/rai once a year, and spraying or broadcasting of organic chemicals at a rate of 60 cc per 20 liters of water, and chitosan 0.01 percent at a rate of 100 cc per 10 liters of water every month and application of gypsum at a rate of 0.5 percent once a year, gave the highest yield ranging between 323-471 kilogram per rai per year. The dipping of the planting materials of Black Galingale in chitosan 0.01 percent solution for 12 hours, gave a Black Galingale yield ranging between 248-469 kilogram per rai per year. There is a reduction in the occurrence of head rot. Weed control prior to germination that have an effected to the growth and development of the Black Galingale showed that the use of biomass mulch gave the lowest dry matter weight for weeds at 22 grams per sq.m., which is not significantly different with the use of manual labor for weeding and the use of herbicides diuron at a rate of 240 gram a.i per rai, that would to a weed free plot for 4 months. Insect pest surveillance showed that the common insects found in the farmers field are Black planthopper, leaf rollers, toothed legged planthoppers, gold dust weevil, and cucurbit leaf beetle. There are also predators found in the area such as six – spotted ladybird beetle, dragonfly, houseflies, and spiders, which means that the farmers use very nil or do not apply pesticides. |
